Below is nerdy information.
From direct and parliamentary democracy to authoritarianism, learn how rulers take power—and who decides.
For thousands of years, people have been ruled by governments. These
bodies of power make rules that organize society and are meant to protect it
from danger.
Many different forms of government have taken shape, from structures
where power is concentrated in the hands of one person to those where
power is shared among many. These different systems—characterized by
how many people are in charge, how they are chosen, and how they rule—
have massive consequences for the relationship between governments and
their people.
One system is democracy, where the people choose who will govern them.
One of its earliest forms, dating back to ancient Greece, was direct
democracy, meaning one person could cast one vote on a matter, like
whether to go to war. Votes were decided by a simple majority.
Governments we describe today as democracies are for the most part
republics, or representative democracies. In this form of government, people
choose representatives, who make decisions for them, through elections.
The democracies found around the world today can generally be sorted into
three categories: presidential, parliamentary, and presidential-parliamentary
mixes. In presidential democracies, like the United States, people vote on
who should be the leader of the country, the president. And they also
separately vote on who should represent them in the legislature, Congress.
Sometimes the president and the majority of the legislators in Congress
belong to different political parties.
Meanwhile, in parliamentary democracies like the United Kingdom, people
only vote for members of their legislature, called members of parliament. If a
majority of the legislators belong to a single party, or if multiple parties join
together to form a ruling coalition, then they appoint one member of
parliament from within their party or coalition to become prime minister, the
leader of the country.
How Is Society Governed?
And there are countries with something in between. In the case of France, the
people directly elect the president and most legislators. But then the
president appoints a less powerful prime minister, who works with the
legislature to make laws and help run the government.
These governments tend to have rules on what they can and cannot do. And
in healthy democracies, there is typically an independent court system and a
free press. These institutions provide checks on government power and can
protect the rights of citizens. Also, many democracies, including the United
States, operate with a system known as federalism, where certain powers,
like providing schooling and safety, are designated to local governments,
limiting the national government's power.
Today, nearly half of the world's countries, including many of the most
powerful, are considered free and democratic. In contrast to democracy,
many countries have authoritarian governments, with just one person or a
small group of people in charge and few checks on their power.
Authoritarian leaders might use titles like president and prime minister, but
that doesn't mean they are democratic. If they hold elections, they probably
aren't free, fair, or competitive, leaving ordinary people out of the political
process. Authoritarian governments tend to ignore rules limiting their
power, if there are any. And they often use violence and intimidation to
restrict what people and the press say, so that leaders can impose the policies
they want.
Nevertheless, some authoritarian governments are popular with their people.
They might see their government's decisive leadership style as superior to
that of slow-moving democracies and believe authoritarian governments can
better promote economic growth and order at home or expand influence
abroad, even if it means sacrificing some personal liberties.
Frequently, governments lie somewhere in the space between the two poles
of democracy and authoritarianism. These governments may win real
elections but ignore minority rights. Or they might manipulate elections but
uphold some democratic values.
FROM:
COUNCIL on FOREIGN RELATIONS - CFR Education
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The health of democracy has declined significantly in many nations over the past several years, but the concept of representative democracy continues to be popular among citizens across the globe.
Solid majorities in each of the 24 countries surveyed by Pew Research Center in 2023 describe representative democracy, or a democratic system where representatives elected by citizens decide what becomes law, as a somewhat or very good way to govern their country.
However, enthusiasm for this form of government has slipped in many nations since 2017. And the survey highlights significant criticisms of the way it’s working. Across the countries included in the study:
- A median of 59% are dissatisfied with how their democracy is functioning.
- 74% think elected officials don’t care what people like them think.
- 42% say no political party in their country represents their views.
What – or who – would make representative democracy work better?
Many say policies in their country would improve if more elected officials were women, people from poor backgrounds and young adults.
Electing more women is especially popular among women, and voting more young people into office is particularly popular among those under age 40.
Views are more mixed on the impact of electing more businesspeople and labor union members.
Overall, there is less enthusiasm for having more elected officials who are religious, although the idea is relatively popular in several middle-income nations (Argentina, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria and South Africa, as defined by the World Bank)...
Read some of the report’s key findings below.
How do views of democracy stack up against nondemocratic approaches?
Even though most people believe representative democracy is a good way to govern, many are open to other forms of government as well.
Direct democracy – a system where citizens, rather than elected officials, vote directly on major issues – is also viewed favorably by majorities in nearly all countries polled.
In most countries, expert rule – in which experts, not elected officials, make key decisions – is also a popular alternative.
And there is notable support for more authoritarian models of government.
In 13 countries, a quarter or more of those surveyed think a system in which a strong leader can make decisions without interference from parliament or the courts is a good form of government. In four of the eight middle-income nations in the study, at least half of respondents express this view.
Even military rule has its supporters, including about a third or more of the public in all eight middle-income countries. There is less support in high-income nations, although 17% say military rule could be a good system in Greece, Japan and the United Kingdom, and 15% hold this view in the United States…
iews on representative democracy
Strong support for representative democracy has declined in many nations since we last asked the question in 2017.
The share of the public describing representative democracy as a very good way to govern is down significantly in 11 of the 22 countries where data from 2017 is available (trends are not available in Australia and the U.S.).
For instance, 54% of Swedes said representative democracy was a very good approach in 2017, while just 41% hold this view today.
In contrast, strong support for representative democracy has risen significantly in three nations (Brazil, Mexico and Poland).
Views on autocratic leadership
Support for a government where a strong leader can make decisions without interference from courts or parliaments has increased in eight of 22 nations since 2017.
It is up significantly in all three Latin American nations polled, as well as in Kenya, India, South Korea, Germany and Poland.
Support for a strong leader model is especially common among people with less education and those with lower incomes.
People on the ideological right are often more likely than those on the left to support rule by a strong leader.
Views on expert rule
Support for a system where experts, not elected officials, make key decisions is up significantly in most countries since 2017, and current views of this form of government may be tied at least in part to the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, in the U.S., 59% of those who believe public health officials have done a good job of responding to the coronavirus outbreak think expert rule is a good system, compared with just 35% among those who say public health officials have done a bad job of dealing with the pandemic.
Widespread belief that elected officials are out of touch
One factor driving people’s dissatisfaction with the way democracy is functioning is the belief that politicians are out of touch and disconnected from the lives of ordinary citizens.
In every country surveyed, people who feel politicians don’t care about people like them are less satisfied with democracy.
Across 24 nations, a median of 74% say elected officials in their country don’t care what people like them think.
At least half of those surveyed hold this view in all countries but one (Sweden). Opinions about elected officials are particularly negative in Argentina, Greece, Nigeria, Spain and the U.S., where at least eight-in-ten believe elected officials don’t care what people like them think.
Many don’t think political parties represent them
While a median of 54% across the 24 countries surveyed say there is at least one party that represents their views well, 42% say there is no party that represents their views.
Israelis, Nigerians and Swedes are the most likely to say at least one party represents their opinions – seven-in-ten or more express this view in each of these countries.1 In contrast, about four-in-ten or fewer say this in Argentina, France, Italy and Spain. Americans are evenly divided on this question.
In 18 countries where we asked about ideology, people who place themselves in the center are especially likely to feel unrepresented. And in some countries, those on the right are particularly likely to say there is at least one party that represents their views.
The U.S. illustrates this pattern: 60% of American conservatives say there is a party that represents their opinions, compared with 52% of liberals and just 40% of moderates.
People rate their country’s leaders, parties and overall state of democracy poorly
The survey asked respondents how well they feel democracy is working in their country, and it also asked them to rate major national leaders and parties. Opinions on these questions may have shifted since the survey was conducted in spring 2023, but the overall results provide a relatively grim picture of the political mood in many nations. (Refer to Appendix A for details about the specific leaders and parties we asked about.)
- There are only seven countries where half or more are satisfied with the way democracy is working.
- Among the 24 national leaders included on the survey, just 10 are viewed favorably by half or more of the public.
- Opposition leaders fare even worse – only six get favorable reviews.
- Across the countries polled, we asked about 87 different political parties. Just 21 get a positive rating.
- Opinions vary greatly across regions and countries, but to some extent, we see more positive views about leaders and parties in middle-income nations.
How ideology relates to views of representation
This report highlights significant ideological differences on many questions, including preferences regarding the characteristics of people who serve as elected officials.
Those on the political left are generally much more likely than those on the right to favor electing more labor union members, young adults, people from poor backgrounds and women.
Meanwhile, those on the right are more likely to say policies would improve if more religious people and businesspeople held elective office.
Ideological divisions on these topics are often especially sharp in the U.S. There are also very large partisan differences.
Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents are much more likely than Republicans and Republican leaners to favor having more women, young adults, people from poor backgrounds and labor union members in office.
Meanwhile, Republicans are more likely to endorse electing more religious people and businesspeople.
FROM:
The Pew Research Center
Representative Democracy Remains a Popular Ideal, but People Around the World Are Critical of How It’s Working
Summary
The article discusses the state of representative democracy around the world. Despite its popularity, many people are dissatisfied with how it is functioning. People believe that politicians are out of touch and disconnected from the lives of ordinary citizens. They also don’t think that political parties represent them well. The article also explores ideological differences on preferences regarding the characteristics of people who serve as elected officials.
Many say their country would be better off if more women, people from poor backgrounds and young adults held elective office
BY-RICHARD WIKE JANELL FETTEROLF MARIA SMERKOVICH SARAH AUSTIN SNEHA GUBBALA AND JORDAN LIPPERT
REPORT
|FEBRUARY 28, 2024
